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\babel@toc {ngerman}{}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Substitionsverfahren}{3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Skytale}{3}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Monoalphabetische Substitionsverfahren}{3}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}Caesar-Verschlüsselung}{4}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}Häufigkeitsanalyse}{4}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Polyalphabetische Substitutionsverfahren}{4}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.1}Vignère-Verfahren}{4}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.3.1.1}Verschlüsselung}{4}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.2}One-Time-Pad}{5}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.3.2.1}Verschlüsselung}{5}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.3.2.2}Perfekte Sicherheit}{5}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}algebraische Substitionsverfahren}{5}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4.1}Hill-Verfahren}{5}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.4.1.1}Verschlüsselung}{5}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.4.1.2}Entschlüsselung}{5}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Modulare Arithmetik}{6}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Exkurs: Division mit Rest}{6}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Der Ring $\mathbb {Z}_n$}{6}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Addition und Multiplikation}{6}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.1.1}Inverse bezüglich der Addition}{6}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.1.2}Inverse bezüglich der Multiplikation}{6}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Subtraktion}{7}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Teiler, Vielfache}{7}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.3.1}Teilerregeln}{7}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}Kongruenz}{7}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}Matrizen}{7}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.5.1}Determinantenberechnung}{7}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.5.2}Inverse Matrix}{7}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Der erweiterte Euklid'sche Algorithmus}{7}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Euklid'scher Algorithmus}{8}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}erweiterter Euklid'scher Algorithmus}{8}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.3.2.1}Beispiel}{8}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Euler'sche $\varphi $-Funktion}{9}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.1}$\varphi $-Funktion und Primzahlen}{9}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}IT-Sicherheit: Gefährdungen und Maßnahmen}{10}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Vertraulichkeit}{10}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Schutzmaßnahmen: Verschlüsselungsverfahren}{10}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Integrität}{10}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Schutzmaßnahme: Hashfunktionen, Whitelists}{11}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Authenzität der Daten}{11}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Schutzmaßnahme: Signaturen}{11}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Schutz vor Replay-Angriffen}{11}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Authenzität von Nutzern}{11}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Schutzmaßnahmen}{11}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}Zugriffskontrolle}{11}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5.1}Schutzmaßname: Zugriffskontrollsystem}{12}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.6}Nichtabstreitbarkeit, Verbindlichkeit}{12}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6.1}Schutzmaßname: Signaturen und PKI}{12}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.7}Verfügbarkeit}{12}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7.1}Schutzmaßnahmen}{12}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.8}Anonymität}{12}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Verschlüsselungsverfahren}{13}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Das Kerckhoffs'sche Prinzip}{13}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Mathematische Modelierung von Verschlüsselungsverfahren}{13}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Schlüsselaustausch}{13}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Angriffsszenarien}{14}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Ciphertext-only Angriffe}{14}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Known-plaintext Angriffe}{14}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Chosen-plaintext Angriffe}{14}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Brute-Force Angriffe}{14}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.1}Beispiel: Brute-Force Angriff auf $k$}{14}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.2}Beispiel: Brute-Force Angriff auf $m$}{14}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.3}Anforderungen zum Schutz vor Brute-Force}{14}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.6}Wörterbuchangriffe}{15}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.1}Schutz vor Wörterbuchangriffen}{15}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.6.1.1}Nonce-Verschlüsselung}{15}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{16}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Synchrone Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{16}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Zustandsabhängige Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{17}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Additive zustandsabhängige Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{18}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.2.1.1}Synchrone additive Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{18}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Schlüsselstrom vs. One-Time-Pad}{19}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Nonces zur Initialisierung eines Schlüsselstromgenerators}{19}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}ChaCha20}{20}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.6}Cipher-Instanzen: Verschlüsselungsalgorithmen in Java-Laufzeitumgebungen}{21}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}{22}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Padding-Verfahren}{22}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Betriebsmodi}{22}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}ECB (Electronic Code Book)}{22}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}CBC (Cipher Block Chaining)}{23}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}CBC-CS (Chiphertext Stealing for CBC Mode)}{24}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.3.1}CBC-CS1}{24}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.3.2}CBC-CS2}{25}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.3.3}CBC-CS3}{25}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.4}CTR (Counter)}{25}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.5}OFB (Output Feedback)}{25}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.5.1}OFB-8$n$}{26}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.6}CFB (Cipher-Feedback)}{26}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.6.1}CFB-8$n$}{26}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Konstruktionsprinzipien von Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}{27}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}DES}{27}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Triple-DES (3DES)}{27}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Meet-in-the-Middle-Angriff}{28}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.6}AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)}{29}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6.1}AES-128}{29}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Hashfunktionen}{31}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}schwache Kollisionsfreiheit}{31}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}\texttt {MessageDigest}-Instanzen: Hashfunktionen in Java}{31}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}Anwendungsbeispiele}{32}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.1}Anwendungsbeispiel: Passwortdatei}{32}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.3.1.1}Anwendungsbeispiel: Passwortdatei mit Salt und Iteration Count}{32}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.2}Anwendungsbeispiel: Integritätsschutz von Dateien}{32}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.3}Anwendungsbeispiel: Integritätsschutz bei einem Dateidownload}{32}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}Brute-Force-Angriffe auf Hashfunktionen}{32}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4.1}Brute-Force-Urbildsuche}{32}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4.2}Brute-Force-Kollisionssuche}{33}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.5}Konstruktionsverfahren von Hashfunktionen}{33}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Substitionsverfahren}{4}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Skytale}{4}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Monoalphabetische Substitionsverfahren}{4}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.1}Caesar-Verschlüsselung}{5}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.2.2}Häufigkeitsanalyse}{5}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Polyalphabetische Substitutionsverfahren}{5}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.1}Vignère-Verfahren}{5}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.3.1.1}Verschlüsselung}{5}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.3.2}One-Time-Pad}{6}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.3.2.1}Verschlüsselung}{6}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.3.2.2}Perfekte Sicherheit}{6}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}algebraische Substitionsverfahren}{6}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.4.1}Hill-Verfahren}{6}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.4.1.1}Verschlüsselung}{6}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.4.1.2}Entschlüsselung}{6}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Modulare Arithmetik}{7}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Exkurs: Division mit Rest}{7}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Der Ring $\mathbb {Z}_n$}{7}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Addition und Multiplikation}{7}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.1.1}Inverse bezüglich der Addition}{7}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.1.2}Inverse bezüglich der Multiplikation}{7}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Subtraktion}{8}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.3}Teiler, Vielfache}{8}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.3.1}Teilerregeln}{8}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.4}Kongruenz}{8}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.5}Matrizen}{8}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.5.1}Determinantenberechnung}{8}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.2.5.2}Inverse Matrix}{8}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Der erweiterte Euklid'sche Algorithmus}{8}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Euklid'scher Algorithmus}{9}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}erweiterter Euklid'scher Algorithmus}{9}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {2.3.2.1}Beispiel}{9}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Euler'sche $\varphi $-Funktion}{10}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.4.1}$\varphi $-Funktion und Primzahlen}{10}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}IT-Sicherheit: Gefährdungen und Maßnahmen}{11}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Vertraulichkeit}{11}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.1.1}Schutzmaßnahmen: Verschlüsselungsverfahren}{11}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Integrität}{11}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Schutzmaßnahme: Hashfunktionen, Whitelists}{12}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Authenzität der Daten}{12}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Schutzmaßnahme: Signaturen}{12}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Schutz vor Replay-Angriffen}{12}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Authenzität von Nutzern}{12}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Schutzmaßnahmen}{12}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}Zugriffskontrolle}{12}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.5.1}Schutzmaßname: Zugriffskontrollsystem}{13}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.6}Nichtabstreitbarkeit, Verbindlichkeit}{13}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.6.1}Schutzmaßname: Signaturen und PKI}{13}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.7}Verfügbarkeit}{13}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.7.1}Schutzmaßnahmen}{13}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.8}Anonymität}{13}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Verschlüsselungsverfahren}{14}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Das Kerckhoffs'sche Prinzip}{14}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Mathematische Modelierung von Verschlüsselungsverfahren}{14}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Schlüsselaustausch}{14}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Angriffsszenarien}{15}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Ciphertext-only Angriffe}{15}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Known-plaintext Angriffe}{15}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Chosen-plaintext Angriffe}{15}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Brute-Force Angriffe}{15}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.1}Beispiel: Brute-Force Angriff auf $k$}{15}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.2}Beispiel: Brute-Force Angriff auf $m$}{15}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.5.3}Anforderungen zum Schutz vor Brute-Force}{15}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.6}Wörterbuchangriffe}{16}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.6.1}Schutz vor Wörterbuchangriffen}{16}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.6.1.1}Nonce-Verschlüsselung}{16}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{17}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Synchrone Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{17}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Zustandsabhängige Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{18}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Additive zustandsabhängige Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{19}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.2.1.1}Synchrone additive Stromverschlüsselungsverfahren}{19}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Schlüsselstrom vs. One-Time-Pad}{20}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Nonces zur Initialisierung eines Schlüsselstromgenerators}{20}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}ChaCha20}{21}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.6}Cipher-Instanzen: Verschlüsselungsalgorithmen in Java-Laufzeitumgebungen}{22}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}{23}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Padding-Verfahren}{23}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Betriebsmodi}{23}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}ECB (Electronic Code Book)}{23}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}CBC (Cipher Block Chaining)}{24}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}CBC-CS (Chiphertext Stealing for CBC Mode)}{25}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.3.1}CBC-CS1}{25}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.3.2}CBC-CS2}{26}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.3.3}CBC-CS3}{26}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.4}CTR (Counter)}{26}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.5}OFB (Output Feedback)}{26}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.5.1}OFB-8$n$}{27}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.6}CFB (Cipher-Feedback)}{27}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.2.6.1}CFB-8$n$}{27}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Konstruktionsprinzipien von Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}{28}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}DES}{28}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Triple-DES (3DES)}{28}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Meet-in-the-Middle-Angriff}{29}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.6}AES (Advanced Encryption Standard)}{30}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.6.1}AES-128}{30}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Hashfunktionen}{32}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}schwache Kollisionsfreiheit}{32}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}\texttt {MessageDigest}-Instanzen: Hashfunktionen in Java}{32}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.3}Anwendungsbeispiele}{33}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.1}Anwendungsbeispiel: Passwortdatei}{33}%
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {7.3.1.1}Anwendungsbeispiel: Passwortdatei mit Salt und Iteration Count}{33}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.2}Anwendungsbeispiel: Integritätsschutz von Dateien}{33}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.3.3}Anwendungsbeispiel: Integritätsschutz bei einem Dateidownload}{33}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.4}Brute-Force-Angriffe auf Hashfunktionen}{33}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4.1}Brute-Force-Urbildsuche}{33}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {7.4.2}Brute-Force-Kollisionssuche}{34}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.5}Konstruktionsverfahren von Hashfunktionen}{34}%
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {8}MAC-Verfahren}{36}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.1}HMAC}{36}%
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {8.2}CMAC, CBC-MAC}{36}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.1}CMAC}{36}%
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {8.2.2}CBC-MAC}{37}%

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chapters/Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren.tex
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\chapter{Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}
\chapter{Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}\label{Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}
Ein Verschlüsselungsverfahren wird als Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren bezeichnet,
wenn die Menge der Nachrichten $\mathscr M$ durch die Menge der Blöcker einer festen Länge $n\in \mathbb{N}$ gegeben ist:
$$\mathscr M := ({\mathbb{Z}_2}^8)^n = \{(z_1,z_2,...,z_n)\mid z_i\in{\mathbb{Z}_2}^8\}$$

2
chapters/Hashfunktionen.tex
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\chapter{Hashfunktionen}
\chapter{Hashfunktionen}\label{Hashfunktionen}
Eine Hashfunktion dient als \say{digitaler Fingerabdruck} einer Nachricht.
Es wird für jede nachricht ein (nahezu) eindeutiger Wert einer festen Länge bestimmt.
Eine Abbildung $H:\mathscr M \rightarrow {\mathbb{Z}_2}^l$,

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chapters/MAC-Verfahren.tex Normal file
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\chapter{MAC-Verfahren}
Der \textit{Message Authentication Code} (MAC) stellt einen \say{digitalen Fingerabdruck} einer Nachricht dar.
Dieser hängt von der Nachricht $m$ und einem Schlüssel $k$ ab.
Die Abbildung $M:\mathscr K \times \mathscr M \rightarrow {\mathbb{Z}_2}^l$ mit einem konstanten $l\in\mathbb{N}$ wird als MAC-Verfahren bezeichnet,
falls ohne einen Schlüssel $k\in\mathscr K$ die Berechnung des MAC-Wertes $t=M_k(m):=M(k,m)$ für kein $m\in\mathscr M$ möglich ist.
Dies soll auch dann nicht möglich sein, falls andere ($m_i$,$t_i$)-Paare bekannt sind.
\section{HMAC}
Jede Hashfunktion (siehe \ref{Hashfunktionen}) $H$ lässt sich in ein MAC-Verfahren $M=\text{HMAC-}H$ umwandeln durch:
$$M_k(m):=H\left( (k\oplus\text{opad}) || H((k\oplus ipad)||m) \right)$$
opad und ipad sind fest definierte Bytearrays der Bytelänge $r/8$.
\section{CMAC, CBC-MAC}
Im Folgenden wird auf zwei MAC-Konstruktionen eingegangen, die auf der Basis von Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren (siehe \ref{Blockverschlüsselungsverfahren}) definiert sind:
\subsection{CMAC}
Die Berechnung des MAC-Wertes $M_k(m)=M(k,m)$ mithilfe eines Blockverschlüsselungsverfahrens $E:\mathscr K \times ({\mathbb{Z}_2}^8)^n \rightarrow({\mathbb{Z}_2}^8)^n$ erfolgt,
indem die durch ein Bytearray gegebene Nachricht $m$ wie folgt verändert wird:
\begin{enumerate}
\item $m$ wird durch ein Padding von der Form \say{80 00 ... 00} auf ein Vielfaches der Blocklänge $n$ gebracht:
$$\tilde{m}:=\begin{cases}
m & \text{falls }l(m)\mod n=0 \text{ und } l(m)\ne 0\\
m||\underbrace{80 00 ... 00}_{n-(l(m)\mod n)} & \text{falls }l(m)\mod n\ne 0 \text{ oder } l(m)=0
\end{cases}$$
\item $\tilde{m}$ wird in Blöcke der Länge $n$ zerlegt
\item der letzte Block $\tilde{m}_r$ wird wie folgt XOR-Verschlüsselt:
$$m_r:=\begin{cases}
\tilde{m}_r\oplus k_1 &\text{falls }l(m)\mod n = 0 \text{ und }l(m)\ne 0\\
\tilde{m}_r\oplus k_2 &\text{falls }l(m)\mod n \ne 0 \text{ oder }l(m)= 0
\end{cases}$$
$k_1$ und $k_2$ sind Modifikationen von $k_0 := E_k(0)$
\item Die Blöcke inkl. des Verschlüsselten Blocks $m_r$ werden mit $IV=0$ CBC-Verschlüsselt (siehe \ref{CBC})
\item Das Ergebnis wird als MAC-Wert ausgegeben
\end{enumerate}
\subsection{CBC-MAC}
Falls die Nachrichtenmenge nur Nachrichten mit einer festen Bytelänge, die ein Vielfaches der Blocklänge ist, enthält,
kann das CBC-Verfahren (siehe \ref{CBC}) direkt als MAC-Verfahren verwendet werden.